Which component is primarily responsible for executing calculations within the CPU?

The component primarily responsible for executing calculations within the CPU is the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The ALU performs all arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as logical operations like comparisons and bitwise manipulations. It is a fundamental part of the CPU architecture, essential for processing data and executing instructions.

The Memory Address Register is used to hold the address of a memory location that is to be accessed, while the Control Unit oversees the operation of the CPU by directing the flow of data between the ALU, memory, and input/output devices. The Program Counter keeps track of the address of the next instruction to be executed, ensuring that the CPU knows which instruction to process next. However, none of these components are responsible for performing the actual calculations that the ALU handles.