Which term is used to describe computer programs that perform malicious actions without user consent?

The term "malware" is a broad categorization that refers to any software intentionally designed to cause harm to a computer, server, client, or computer network. It encompasses a wide variety of malicious programs, including viruses, worms, trojans, and more, all of which can perform harmful actions without the user's consent.

Malware can steal sensitive information, damage files, or disrupt systems, making it a key concern in the field of cybersecurity. This term captures the essence of programs that exist specifically to exploit, damage, or otherwise compromise computer systems.

In contrast, the other terms represent more specific types or elements of cybersecurity threats. Adware displays unwanted ads but is often not harmful in a traditional sense; spyware collects user information without consent but is a subset of malware; and a firewall is a security measure designed to protect networks from unauthorized access and is not malicious itself. Therefore, malware is the correct choice as it fully encapsulates the concept of programs performing harmful, unauthorized actions.